Computer Break-In Ethics Essay

Computer Break-In Ethics Essay What do I define as Ethical? To me, ethical is equivalent to morally right. It can be thought of as the expression done when you consider the feelings of those who are or will be directly affected by your actions. Therefore, ethical behavior is to act in a way that is loving and respectful of the potentially affected person. Spafford uses a deontological assessment as his ethical system to consider and judge the computer break-ins; this assessment determines what is right by examining the process (action) over outcome (result). According to Spafford, another way to define ethical behavior is to ask: Would we view that act as sensible and proper if everyone were to engage in it? When paired side by side, Spaffords definition of ethical behavior is one and the same in comparison to my definition where the action is the subject analyzed and if loving and respecting the potentially affected person is the sensible and proper thing to do if everyone engaged in it. As the years go by, new technology is being developed and implemented. More and more companies upgrade their entire computer systems, computer professionals upgrade their skills, and database administrators become even more alert and responsive. Not to mention that all that advanced technology becomes increasingly complex and must come with solid security. I am suggesting that the security argument for a break-in becomes more and more obsolete especially 30 years from the publishing of Spaffords article. In fact, it will be obvious that the perpetrator had unethical motives because he or she is intelligent enough to know that such technology must come with tight security which is obviously critically monitored; thus, the excuse for probing to find a fault is inapplicable. Just as the security argument gets less applicable with the influx of new technology, the student hacker arguments loses its potency also. The first argument where student hackers claim they are doing no harm and changing nothing they are simply learning about how computer systems operate has two major problems: disbelief from perspective and little education scope. The computer lab director (or whoever is in charge) is automatically inclined to think the worst possible scenario after hearing news that a student hacked into the new University network. From his perspective, he simply cannot trust the students word that no harm was done. A good example is that of a home owner who just heard a burglar broke into his home. He immediately thinks of the valuable assets such as the television, jewelry, kitchen appliances and other such items. The very unlikely assumption is that the burglar is actually doing him a favor by testing of the locks in his house whether it is functional or not. Furthermore, there is little education about entire computer system operations gained in hacking. I can concede the fact that the hacker may learn proprietary information but full scope education of computer systems cannot be achieved through hacking. The second student hacker argument outlines that computers are expensive, and that they are merely furthering their education in a cost effective manner may have a slight edge in the modern society where technology becomes expensive but ultimately fails for the reason explained earlier that full scope, fundamental education is not possible through hacking particularly when the system is most likely complicated as it would be in futuristic times. The final student hacker argument where their creations [viruses] are intended to be harmless and that they are simply learning how to write complex programs is broken into two sub-arguments that I will analyze; I will start by addressing the second sub-argument. The second sub-argument may se em convincing in the fact that the student is learning how to write complex programs in an age where computer system are extensively complex, however, the entire argument fails when analyzing the first sub-argument. No company, institution, or individual cares if the virus was intended to be harmless because restoring the system is expensive. The economic factor in restoring system integrity of an already intricate system drains the entire argument of any influence. The argument that hackers break into systems to watch instances of data abuse and to help keep Big Brother at bay already presents a reason that is reasonable at the publishing of Spaffords article. This means that the argument gains a bit more credibility in the futuristic age where data abuse by corporations and government agencies will be almost rampant. One error of this argument presumes the hackers can prevent data abuse without offsetting network activities; secondly, the argument will always fail to provide comfort for any individual that his sensitive information is entrusted to hackers whose names are unknown. Even with the previously mentioned flaws, the social protector argument is relevant, at least considerable, in an age where even the simplest action of eating can be provided by robots.

Tourism and it’s negative Effects

While tourism can be a powerful positive force for change in poor countries, it can also be seriously damaging for the local environment and culture. An increase in mass tourism that is not controlled responsibly can ruin areas of natural beauty. com/the-economic-impact-of-tourism/">Tourism can damage coral reefs, pollute beaches and destroy the habitats of wildlife as roads and hotels are built. Ironically, damage to these natural resources is likely to reduce future numbers of visitors. Another negative effect is that the increasing numbers of aeroplane ?ights are a major cause of global warming.A second problem is that the tourist resorts are frequently owned by large Western companies and all too often the pro?ts earned from tourism go straight into the bank accounts of these companies. Moreover, the well-paid managerial positions are often held by foreigners, and the wages given to local hotel employees are usually very low. Where this is the case, very little money enters the l ocal economy at all. By purchasing souvenirs, food and other goods from local people you can help to spread the bene?ts of tourism.Finally, tourism can have an adverse effect on local culture, traditions and the way of life. Large numbers of tourists can undermine traditional beliefs, values and customs and in particular risk commercialising the culture that they ?nd so interesting. And where these tourists are insensitive to local traditions their behaviour can cause great offence. Tourism Fact File  · Tourism employs 250 million people, roughly one in ten of the world's workforce.  · 80% of the people that travel internationally come from the USA, Canada, Japan and 17 European countries, including the UK. · 15 million Britons take package holidays abroad each year.  · The developing world's share of the tourist trade has increased by an average of 9. 5% a year since 1990.  · The amount of money that leaves a destination country (the country where people spend their holid ay) varies from 40% out of India, and 80% out of the Caribbean islands.  · The UN calculates that the amount of water used by an average tourist in 24 hours would be enough to grow rice for an individual for 100 days.  · An 18-hole golf course in a dry country can use as much water as a town of 10,000 people.

Native Americans in the United States Essay

Based on the ethnic groups (Table 1: Appendix), several beneficial values that helped to shape the United States lifestyle can be described (Holland, 2006). In particular, the brief summaries have given the clear picture of Multiculturalism in the United States in relation to the origin. The United States, for that matter, is captured as a multicultural society that is open to all people with different backgrounds. From an early time, several groups started moving into the region due to various reasons, which allowed for the development of a culturally diverse society. Hence, the United States substantially benefited from the cultural diversity as improved workforce was available for the various work scenarios. Despite the obvious benefits of multiculturalism in the society, some negative forms such as racism, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination flourished over several years (Holland, 2006). In the recent past, for example, several ethnic groups such as the African American, Hispanic, and Indian Americans have continually suffered racism, discrimination, and being depicted in certain stereotypes. Firstly, segregation between the Whites and Blacks was a key characteristic of the population before the rise of the civil rights during the 1950s and over (Holland, 2006). Workplaces, schools, commuter busses, and residential areas were segregated between the two groups until in 1954 when segregation in schools was banned. As a result, people started integrating on a multicultural perspective, which led to the realization of better performances and solutions for the workplaces. Besides the significant leap ahead, other factors such as prejudice and stereotyping still exist at the current date. For instance, the African American and Hispanic groups have been stereotyped in the villainous characters such as gangsters, robbers and the like for several decades (Holland, 2006). Such beliefs have existed for several years and are even a common occurrence in media the same way. Hand in hand, prejudice has also resulted from the occurrences. Therefore, prejudice and stereotypes are a normal situation in the culturally diverse environment of the United States. However, the multicultural nature of the country’s population resulted in some positive factors such as creation of a multicultural workforce that can meet the requirements of the target population in an effective manner (Kenyon, 2005). In connection to that, all the ethnic groups in the American landscape are subject to some positive, as well as, negative aspects of the cultural diversity. As a result, prejudice, stereotypes, racism, and discrimination that were once extremely high have considerably low effects on the modern and socially active populations. In conclusion, the United States still leads with regards to the benefits of cultural diversity among its people. Table 1: Multicultural Matrix and Analysis Worksheet. Part I: Matrix What is the group’s history in the United States? What is the group’s population in the United States? What are some attitudes and customs people of this group may practice? What is something you admire about this group’s people, lifestyle, or society? 1. The African American Several African American people are linked to a history of slavery since their ancestors were brought in the United States as slaves. This happened first during the 1600s-1700s, and where they assisted English colonialists to get American independence. Later, prominent leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr. helped to change discrimination against Blacks. As a result, a breakthrough into the rampant segregation between the whites and blacks reduced. The African American has an approximate population of about 37 million forming about 13 percent of the total population of the United States. The African Americans are characterized by the practice of several cultural activities depicted in their music, art, and lifestyle. As such, they form a significant part of the USA as their culture substantially influenced the American culture. I appreciate the African American lifestyle and their music such as Hip-hop and reggae music. Additionally, I love their celebrations such as the Black history celebrations in which they remember their historic past. 2. The Hispanic and Latino American The Spanish became among the first settlers, before Europeans, to settle in some areas of America such as Florida and California. Several people of this group speak the English language only and have adopted the European-American Culture. On average, the Latino and Hispanic population in the United States is approximately 16 percent of the whole population. This accounts to almost 50 million people. The Hispanics are depicted as religious people who believe in helping one another. Families may be nuclear or extended, and the father is the final decision maker in the family setting, while the mother is the home care taker. However, all family members are expected to assist in the effective functioning of the setting. I love Hispanic music and their musicians such as Ricky Martin and Jenifer Lopez. Additionally, their Mexican foods are an excellent appetizer that I always cannot ignore. 3. The Indian American The Indian American officially became legal citizen in the United States in 1946. The Indians immigrated into the United States via other countries such as Jamaica, South Africa, and United Kingdom among other countries. The Indian population in America is reasonably low at approximately 0. 89 percent of the whole population. As such, this reflects to about 2. 5 million people. The Indian Americans have a strict cultural background and adhere to strict rule on religion, culture, and food among several other practices. Their religions are diverse and may include Hinduism, Islamism, Christianity, and Buddhism. I value the cultural practices of Indians especially those practicing Hinduism as they have fascinating ideas. One example is the caste system, where once in a low or high case system; one is destined to remain right there. 4. The American Asian Asians of the Chinese background came into the United States due to mainly conflicts from their countries. One situation was the Vietnam War, which led to massive migration of the affected into the USA. In the 1970s and 1980s, therefore, was time for the largest Asian migration into the United States. The Americans Asian account for about 5 percent of the United States’ population. As a result of cultural diversity, the American Asians are exposed to several challenges. I admire the Chinese way of life that comprises of fun in the form of art and craft. Additionally, I find pleasure watching some of their movies and appreciate the Yoga. 5. The Native Americans The Native Americans were the original settlers of the United States of America. Relevant sources indicate that they enabled undetectable communication during the World War II using their native language. As pertains to name, the Native Americans are recognized as the first settlers of the United States. However, they account for a small population percentage of about 1 percent. The Native Americans culture show dissimilar practices in all other nations. In particular, those living on reservations show dissimilar cultures from the ones not living on reservations; however, some similarities may exist in their heritage and traditions. The Native Americans fascinate me with their incredible lifestyle such as them living in tepees and their spiritualism. 6. The Bahamian American The Bahamian American migrated into the United States from the Caribbean during the late 19th century in search for job offers in the agricultural sector. The Bahamian American has an extremely low population of about 40,000 people. Hence, it accounts for approximately 0. 01 percent of the whole population. Bahamian Americans preserved their cultural heritage; hence, have a distinguished way of living and culture. The Bahamian way of living and cultural heritage provides an excellent measure of modern living from historical setting. Their cultural practices are engaging. Part II: Analysis Basing on the above listed ethnic groups, several beneficial values that helped to shape the United States lifestyle can be described. In particular, the brief summaries have given the clear picture of Multiculturalism in the United States in relation to the origin. The United States, for that matter, is captured as a multicultural society that is open to all people with different backgrounds. From an early time, several groups started moving into the region due to various reasons, which allowed for the development of a culturally diverse society. Hence, the United States substantially benefited from the cultural diversity as improved workforce was available for the various work scenarios. Despite the obvious benefits of multiculturalism in the society, some negative forms such as racism, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination flourished over several years. In the recent past, for example, several ethnic groups such as the African American, Hispanic, and Indian Americans have continually suffered racism, discrimination, and being depicted in certain stereotypes. Firstly, segregation between the Whites and Blacks was a key characteristic of the population before the rise of the civil rights during the 1950s and over. Workplaces, schools, commuter busses, and residential areas were segregated between the two groups until in 1954 when segregation in schools was banned. As a result, people started integrating on a multicultural perspective, which led to the realization of better performances and solutions for the workplaces. Besides the significant leap ahead, other factors such as prejudice and stereotyping still exist at the current date. For instance, the African American and Hispanic groups have been stereotyped in the villainous characters such as gangsters, robbers and the like for several decades. Such beliefs have existed for several years and are even a common occurrence in media the same way. Hand in hand, prejudice has also resulted from the occurrences. Therefore, prejudice and stereotypes are a normal situation in the culturally diverse environment of the United States. However, the multicultural nature of the country’s population resulted in some positive factors such as creation of a multicultural workforce that can meet the requirements of the target population in an effective manner. In connection to that, all the ethnic groups in the American landscape are subject to some positive, as well as, negative aspects of the cultural diversity. As a result, prejudice, stereotypes, racism, and discrimination that were once extremely high have considerably low effects on the modern and socially active populations. In conclusion, the United States still leads with regards to the benefits of cultural diversity among its people. Part III: Sources Holland, C. (2006). Ethnic and Religious Diversity in Central America: An Historical Perspective. Retrieved November 12, 2011 from the Prolades Website: http://www. prolades. com/Ethnic_Religious_Diversity_CAM-Holland. pdf Kenyon, A. (2005). The Importance of Diversity in the Workplace. Retrieved November 11, 2011 from the Leading Today Website: http://www. leading today. org/Onmag/2005%20Archives/may05/ak-may05. html Reference List Holland, C. (2006). Ethnic and Religious Diversity in Central America: An Historical Perspective Retrieved November 12, 2011 from the Prolades Website: http://www. prolades. com/Ethnic_Religious_Diversity_CAM-Holland. pdf Kenyon, A. (2005). The Importance of Diversity in the Workplace Retrieved November 11, 2011 from the Leading Today Website: http://www. leading today. org/Onmag/2005%20Archives/may05/ak-may05. html

Dignity Is The Foundation Of Our American Criminal Justice...

Dignity is a natural born value of worthiness placed on individuals by society and themselves. From my perspective, dignity is the nourishment and affirmation of one’s self-esteem; in other words, fuel that every human possesses and should have preserved to remain mentally whole. However, prominent 19th century social reformers like Jeremy Bentham were critical of the notion that prisoners ought to possess declared rights. Bentham thought it was naà ¯ve to reason that declared rights could exist outside the law; his criticism derives from a theoretical commitment to a system where law, punishment and proper government are erected through legislation. Dignity was never a concerning factor for criminal justice officials because authority and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Prisoners,† wrote Justice Kennedy, â€Å"retain the essence of human dignity [†¦] a prison that deprives prisoners of basic sustenance, including adequate medical care, is incompatible with t he concept of human dignity and has no place in civilized society† (Dignity Cascade p. 133). In Brown V. Plata, the notion that prisons were overcrowded and lacked medical materials to help prisoners who struggled with mental illness was critically analyzed and eventually declared a form of cruel and unusual punishment. Subjecting inmates in prisons to such vile conditions was declared a violation of their 8th amendment rights (Estelle v. Gamble, 1976). From my perspective, denying a human being medical treatment (even incarcerated peoples) reduces their self-worth to subhuman standards. In turn, the standard by which the prison system shapes their practices yields effects well beyond the actual prison walls. Though not always publicly announced, prison practices often come to be known by the bulk of the general public. Subjecting prisoners to sub-human standards of living has an indirect and perhaps subconscious effect on not only prisoners and those working within prisoners, but to all who become aware of such standards and practices. The ethical and standards from which a nation shapes their institutional practices sets a precedence for all standards of behavior within that given society. Thus, violent and neglectful prison practices cause an indirect diluting or